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Sodium was estimated from the formula 24165.5*Salinity/1.80655/(1000-1.81578*Salinity/1.80655) where 1.80655 is the Salinity/Chlorinity ratio and 241655 is the number of moles of Na/Chlorinity - Millero, F., 1974. Seawater as a multicomponent electrolyte solution, in The Sea, Vol. 5, E. Goldberg, ed., Wiley, pp. 3-80.

An original reference on sodium in seawater is:

Culkin, F., and Cox, R. A., 1966. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and strontium in sea water. Deep-Sea Res., 13: 789-804.

Residence time:

Berner, E. K. and R. A. Berner (1987) The Global Water Cycle. Prentice Hall.